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11a. Spadix uniformly purplish (to reddish) at anthesis.
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12a. Leaf blades lacking a posterior rib (i.e., the basal veins not joined
before meeting at midrib at base).
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13a. Leaf blades more than 3 times longer than broad, with basal lobes
less than one-eighth as long as the anterior lobe; spadix pinkish to yellowish..........A. chromostachyum Croat
13b. Leaf blades less than 2 times longer than broad with prominent basal
lobes at least one-fifth as long as the anterior lobe; spadix violet purple.
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14a. Leaf blades thin with 8-10 pairs of primary lateral veins; cataphylls
weathering to subpersistent fibers; spadix more than 10 cm long, more
than 10 times longer than broad..........A. williamsii K- Krause
14b. Leaf blades subcoriaceous with 3-5 pairs of primary lateral veins;
cataphylls persisting more or less intact; spadix less than 10 cm long,
less than 6 times longer than broad..........A. tysonii Croat
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12b. Leaf blades with a distinct posterior rib (i.e., some of the basal veins
joined together before meeting at the midrib at base).
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15a. Leaf blades more than 2 times longer than broad.
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16a. Leaf blades more or less thin; spathe oblong-lanceolate; spadix usually
less than 6 mm diam. at base; berries purplish.......... A. cuspidatum Mast.
16b. Leaf blades subcoriaceous; spathe usually lanceolate to narrowly ovate,
spadix more than 8 mm diam. at base; berries orange.
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17a. Blades drying reddish brown; the basal veins usually 8-10 per side;
spadix long-tapered, 24-40 times longer than broad; Darien Province..........A. brownii Mast.
17b. Blades drying green to yellow-green; the basal veins usually fewer
than 7 pairs; spadix usually less than 20 times longer than broad (rarely
more in A. nervatum); Chiriquí to Colon Provinces.
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18a. Spadix with pistils sharply pointed and early emergent, usually
emerging well ahead of stamens, giving spadix a prickly appearance during
anthesis; spathe usually with margins markedly undulate..........A. colonicum K. Krause
18b. Spadix with pistils usually bluntly pointed or rounded at apex,
not early emergent, usually emerging with or after stamens, the flowering
spadix thus not prickly in appearance; spathe sometimes twisted but
not markedly undulate.
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19a. Primary lateral veins 19-25 pairs; berries usually acute at
apex..........A. nervatum
Croat
19b. Primary lateral veins 4-9 pairs; berries rounded at apex.
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20a. Cataphylls 8-13 cm long; spathe usually erect, usually ovate
to ovate-lanceolate (rarely lanceolate), reflexed but usually not
twisted or curled...... A. cotobrusii
Croat & Baker
20b. Cataphylls 16-32 cm long; spathe lanceolate, usually twisted
or rolled..........A. ranchoanum
Engl.
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15b. Leaf blades less than 2 times longer than wide.
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21a. Collective vein arising from one of the lowermost basal veins.
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22a. Spathe oblong, more than 5 times longer than broad, green; leaf margins
markedly concave; berries red..........A. rubrifructum Croat
22b. Spathe narrowly ovate to ovate or elliptic, less than 5 times longer
than broad, white; leaf margins convex; berries purplish or white.
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23a. Spathe more or less elliptic to obovate, ca. 1.5 times longer than
broad, caudate-acuminate at apex; berries white; blade with anterior lobe
ca. 2 times longer than posterior lobes. ........................... A. sapense Croat
23b. Spathe narrowly ovate to narrowly oblong-elliptic, more than 2.5 times
longer than broad, acuminate at apex; berries purplish; blade with anterior
lobe ca. 3 times longer than posterior lobes.
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24a. Leaf blade ovate-triangular, the margin of the anterior lobe more
or less straight to slightly concave; blades drying matte..........A. obtusilobumSchott
24b. Leaf blade ovate, the margin of the anterior lobe usually con-vex;
blades drying weakly glossy........... A. formosum Schott
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21b. Collective vein not arising from one of the lowermost basal veins (i.e.,
lower-most basal veins running free to the margin).
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25a. Spadix at anthesis less than 10 times longer than broad at base, usually
scarcely tapered to apex.
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26a. Spadix at anthesis less than 5 times longer than broad.
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27a. Spadix at anthesis more than 2 times longer than broad; spathe hooding
spadix; top ofCerro Jefe..........A. kamemotoanum Croat
27b. Spadix nearly globular, less than 2 times longer than broad; spathe
erect-spreading; western Chiriquí..........A. globosum Croat
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26b. Spadix at anthesis more than 5 times longer than broad.
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28a. Peduncle less than 1.5 times longer than spadix; cataphylls weathering
into subpersistent fibers; blades very large, mostly more than 55 cm wide..........A. antonioanum Croat
28b. Peduncle more than 2 times longer than spadix; cataphylls persisting
more or less intact at least at apex; blades less than 55 cm wide.
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29a. Spathe caudate-acuminate at apex; spadix pinkish.
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30a. Blades coriaceous, drying thick; stems usually short, the internodes
very short, usually hidden by cata-phylls; Cerro Jefe.........A. roseospadix Croat
30b. Blades subcoriaceous, drying thin; stems elongate, the internodes
often long, brown, cane-like, not hidden by cataphylls; Serrania de
Pirre..........A. erythrostachyum
Croat
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29b. Spathe acuminate, the acumen not markedly elongate: spadix white
to violet purple.
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3la. Leaf blades less than 30 cm long, less than 20 cm wide, drying
matte, the collective vein arising from the first basal vein which
departs the midrib at ca. 45 deg. and soon curves upward so the collective
vein at middle of blade is very remote from the margin..........A. foreroanum Croat
31b. Leaf blades mostly more than 35 cm long and 25 cm wide, drying
semiglossy, the collective vein arising from the first or second basal
vein, nearly reaching margin before curving upwards..........A.
formosum Schott
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25b. Spadix at anthesis more than 11 times longer than broad at base, markedly
tapered to apex or very long and slender.
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32a. Petiole more or less quadrangular, winged; blades drying with major
veins acutely raised beneath, the midrib sharply 3-ribbed beneath: endemic
to Bocas del Toro..........A. teribense
Croat
32b. Petiole more or less terete; blades drying with major veins not acutely
raised, the midrib not sharply 3-ribbcd beneath.
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33a. Peduncles less than 1.5 times longer than spadix..........A. rotundistigmatum Croat
33b. Peduncles more than 2 times longer than spadix.
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34a. Stamens long-exserted, remaining long-exserted, the an-thers not
retracting to the edge of the tepals.
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35a. Blades ovate-triangular to sub-3-lobed, the posterior lobes often
longer than broad; usually below 2,000 m..........A. watermaliense Hort. ex L. H. Bailey
35b. Blades narrowly ovate, the basal lobes about as long as broad;
above 2,000 m..........A. concinnatum Schott
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34b. Stamens not long-exserted or soon retracting to edge of tepals.
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36a. Inflorescence usually longer than the leaves: tertiary veins drying
prominent on both sides..........A. brownii
Mast.
36b. Inflorescence equalling to shorter than the leaves; tertiary veins drying
more or less obscure to prominulous.
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37a. Blades with 10 or fewer primary lateral veins per side; plants terrestrial.
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38a. Spadix lavender with a green tip; petiole faintly many ribbed; berries
purple. ................ A. pluricostatum
Croat & Baker
38b. Spadix purplish throughout or green tinged purple; petiole terete;
berries orange..........A. standleyi Croat & Biker
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37b. Blades usually with 12 or more primary lat-eral veins per side; plants
epiphytic or terrestrial.
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39a. Leaf blades less than 62 cm long ally drying green with reddish tinge
along and on major veins on lower surface; pistils early emergent..........A. cuspidatum Mast
39b. Leaf blades often more than 65 cm long, drying pale green or more or
less reddish brown throughout; pistils not early emergent.
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40a. Blades drying thin, yellowish green, usually with the upper-most 2
or 3 basal veins not merging before meeting at midrib..........A. dukei Croat
40b. Blades drying coriaceous, reddish brown, with only the uppermost basal vein not merging with the other basal veins before meeting at midrib. ............A. brownii Mast.
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11b. Spadix not uniformly purplish or reddish as anthesis.
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41a. Leaf blades more than twice as long as broad.
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42a. Spadix at anthesis less than 10 times longer than broad at base; cataphylls subpersistent, remaining more or less intact ( weathering at base only in A. cotobrusii).
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43a. Spadix white at anthesis, hooded by spathe; blade with lower surface densely and minutely dark dotted. ..........A. cucullispathum Croat
43b. Spadix green, yellow, or tinged with purple.
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44a. Leaf blades ca. 3 times longer than broad; cataphylls subpersistent, reddish brown, more or less intact; pistil emerging without ribs. ...............A. chromostachyum Croat
44b. Leaf blades less than 2.5 times longer than broad; cataphylls subpersistent, tan, weathering at base; pistils emerging quadrangular with 4 ribs running from the center to the corners. ...............A. cotobrusii Croat & Baker
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42b. Spadix at anthesis more than 10 times longer than broad at base; cataphylls remaining intact or weathering into subpersistent fibers.
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45a. Petioles ribbed.
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46a. Petiole more or less quadrangular, the margins weakly winged ( at least when dried ); blades drying with major veins acutely raised beneath the midrib sharply 3-ribbed; endemic to Bocas del Toro. ...........A. teribense Croat
46b. Petioles more or less with several low ribs; blades drying with major veins obtusely raised beneath, the midrib not prominently ribbed; Veraguas to Darien. .....................A. panamense Croat
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45b. Petioles not ribbed, more or less terete, usually sulcate adaxially.
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47a. Cataphylls thick, deciduous intact, not weathering into fibers; leaf blades more than 2.5 times longer than broad.
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48a. Leaf blades broadest above the base, more than 3.5 times longer than broad, more than 50cm long; basal veins free to the base, not coalescing into a posterior rib. .................A. hebetatum Croat
48b. Leaf blades broadest at base, less than3 times longer than broad, less than 41 cm long; basal veins usually coalescing to form a posterior rib.
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49a. Leaf blades coriaceous, drying with tertiary veins conspicuously raised; 7-9 flowers visible in each spiral. ................A. cinereopetiolatum Croat
49b. Leaf blades moderately thin, drying with tertiary veins not prominently raised; 4-5 flowers visible in each spiral. .................A. chorranum Croat
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47b. Cataphylls moderately thin, weathering into subpersistent fibers or fragments; leaf blades less than 2.5 times longer than broad ( except sometimes A. cuspidatum).
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50a. Plants epiphytic; leaf blades moderately bullate, at least the major veins prominently sunken above; collective vein formed from one of the lowermost basal veins. .................A. niqueanum Croat
50b. Plants terrestrial; leaf blades not bullate; collective vein usually formed from the uppermost basal vein ( rarely loop-connected from the lower basal veins in A. ochranthum ).
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51a. Blades velvety on upper surface; spadix green at anthesis with 4 flowers visible in each sprial from any angle. ................................ A. papillilaminum Croat
51b. Blades not velvety; spadix green turning bright yellow at anthesis with 6-10 flowers visible in each sprial. ......................A. ochranthum C. Koch
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41b. Leaf blades less than twice as long as broad.
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52a. Petiole conspicuously ribbed or angled; usually terrestrial; berries purple at apex, white at base.
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53a. Petiole triangular, the margins 1-2-winged; blade not velvety above; pollen orange. ..............A. cerrocampanense Croat
53b. Petiole subterete with 4-7 ribs; blades velvety above; pollen white. ................A. dressleri Croat
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52b. Petiole not ribbed, not angled; usually epiphytic; berries various colors.
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54a. Blades velvety green with pale venation on upper surface; spadix yellow..........A. crystallinum Linden & Andre
54b. Blades not velvety (except A. folsomianum ), not with markedly paler venation
on upper surface; spadix white, green, or yellow.
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55a. Spadix yellow at anthesis.
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56a. Spadix less than 4 cm long, with usually ca. 3 flowers visible in
each spiral; leaf blades less than 25 cm long; stem less than 1 cm diam..........A. pauciflorum Croat
56b. Spadix more than 4 cm long at anthesis, with 5 or more flowers visible
in each spiral; leaf blades usually more than 25 cm long; stems more than
1 cm diam.
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57a. Leaf blades ovate-cordate, the margin broadly rounded; the posterior
lobes directed backward or inward.......... A. coloradense Croat
57b. Leaf blades ovate-triangular to panduriform, the outer margin usually
concave where the posterior lobes begin, the posterior lobes directed
outward or backward.
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58a. Dried blades shiny beneath; blades panduriform, with more than
6 primary lateral veins per side; the posterior lobes either suborbicular
or elongated and directed prominently outward; berries pale green..........A. panduriforme Schott
58b. Dried blades matte beneath; blades mostly ovate-tri-angular, rarely
panduriform, with 4-6 primary lateral veins per side; the posterior
lobes triangular to elongate and rounded and directed downward or slightly
out-ward..........A. ochranthum C. Koch
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55b. Spadix white or green at anthesis.
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59a. Cataphylls persisting intact, thick, reddish brown; spadix usually white
at anthesis; blades mostly ovate-cordate, coriaceous, usually drying with
linear raphide cells visible at least on upper surface.
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60a. Spadix more than 17 times longer than broad, prominently tapered toward
apex.
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61a. Leaf blades drying black or greenish black, usually more than 50
cm long; spadix yellow-green, more than 25 cm long at anthesis..........A. colonense Croat
61b. Leaf blades not drying blackened, mostly less than 50 cm long; spadix
white at anthesis, mostly less than 25 cm long at anthesis..........A. curvispadix Croat
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60b. Spadix less than 15 times longer than broad at anthesis, mostly blunt
and scarcely tapered to apex.
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62a. Spadix pale green at anthesis, less than 5 times longer than broad;
spathe less than 2.5 times longer than broad ..........A. fusiforme Croat
62b. Spadix white at anthesis, more than 5.5 times longer than broad; spathe
more than 2.5 times longer than broad.
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63a. Spathe brittle, thin, abruptly short-acuminate: leaf blade with primary
lateral veins beneath dry-ing reddish brown..........A. ravenii Croat & Baker
63b. Spathe coriaceous, not brittle, long-acuminate: leaf blade with primary
lateral veins beneath not drying reddish brown.
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64a. Leaf blades matte beneath when fresh, usu-ally less than 55 cm long;
plant usually ter-restrial; berries violet purple at apex, paler at base..........
A. sanctifidense Croat
64b. Leaf blades glossy beneath when fresh, size various; plants usually
epiphytic.
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65a. Leaf blades mostly more than 55 cm long; spadix white at anthesis,
quickly turning pale violet purple with early emergent, sharply pointed
pistils: ber-ries violet purple, at least at apex..........A. formosum Schott
65b. Largest leaf blades less than 55 cm long; spadix white at anthesis,
re-maining creamy white, the pistils not early emergent; berries red..........A. hoffmannii Schott
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59b. Cataphylls not persisting intact, moderately thin, either deciduous
or weathering into subpersistent fibers (rarely persisting more or less
intact but not reddish brown); spadix white or green; blades ovate-cordate,
thin or thick, mostly lacking visible linear raphide cells when dry.
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66a. Collective vein arising from one of the lowermost basal veins.
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67a. Spadix with more than 10 flowers visible in each spiral, the
stamens prominently exserted at anthesis, the pistils early emergent;
leaf blades ovate with convex margins..........A. caperatum Croat & Baker
67b. Spadix with less than 7 flowers visible in each spiral, the
stamens not long exserted, the pistils not early emergent; leaf blades
ovate-triangular with more or less straight margins or more or less
panduriform with con-cave margins.
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68a. Plants terrestrial; spadix long-tapered, usually be-coming
golden yellow at anthesis with the pollen oozing from beneath the
tepals..........A. ochranthum
C. Koch
68b. Plants epiphytic; spadix long-tapered or not, green, with
anthers exposed and bearing pollen.
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69a. Leaf blade panduriform, the margin markedly concave between
the anterior and pos-terior lobes; tertiary veins not prominent
on lower surface..........A. rubrifructum Croat
69b. Leaf blade ovate-triangular, the margin more or less straight;
tertiary veins prominent on lower surface..........A. malianum Croat
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66b. Collective vein arising from one of the uppermost basal veins.
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70a. Plants terrestrial.
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7la. Spathe usually purple; stamens prominently exserted, remaining exserted;
leaf blades with pos-terior lobes usually more than 1.5 times longer than
broad......... A. watermaliense
Hort. ex L. H. Bailey
71b. Spathe green; stamens not prominently exserted or if so, soon retracting;
leaf blades with posterior lobes mostly broader than long.
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72a. Margin of blade usually straight to concave; pollen oozing from beneath
tepals; berries dark purplish at apex, white at base..........A. ochranthum C. Koch
72b. Margin of blade usually convex; anthers exserted; berries orange (not
known in A. coloradense).
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73a. Collective vein arising from the first basal vein or from one of
the primary lateral veins; spadix with 5-10 flowers visible in each spiral..........A. standleyi Croat & Baker
73a. Collective vein arising from the third basal vein; spadix with ca.
5 flowers visible in each spiral..........A. coloradense Croat
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70b. Plants epiphytic.
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74a. Spadix pale green, turning purplish; spathe mod-erately coriaceous,
persisting intact; fruits orange; cataphylls promptly weathering to fibers;
above 2,000 m in western Panama..........A. concinnatum Schott
74b. Spadix maroon; spathe moderately thin, soon damaged or fallen; fruits
red; cataphylls (at least uppermost) remaining intact; below 1,600 m in eastern
Panama..........A. dukei Croat
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