Anthurium cuspidatum Mast

Anthurium cuspidatum Mast., Gard. Chron. 3: 428. 1875. TYPE: Colombia? Hort. Victch., January 1875 (K). Anthurium talamancae Engl., Bol. Jahrb. Sysl. 25: 386. 1898. TYPE: Costa Rica. Lim—n: Talamanca, near Shirores, 100 m Tonduz 9233 (B, hololectotype, designated Croat & Baker, 1979).
Anthurium donnellsmilhii Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 389. 1898. TYPE: Costa Rica. Lim—n: Río Jime-ne/. Llanos de Santa Clara, 280 m, April 1894, J Donnell Smith 4979 (ft, holotype; US, isotype).
Anthurium orleganum Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 387. 1898. typi;: Colombia. Cauca: near Popoyan, 1,500-1,700 m, Lehmann 5989 (B. holotype; F. K, isotypes).
Anthurium johnii Engl., Pflanzenr. IV 23B: 119. 1905. TYPE: Costa Rica. Lim—n: Suene, Llanos de Santa Clara, 300 m, J Donnell Smith 6812 (B). Epiphyte or terrestrial; stems often to 50 cm long, ca. 3 cm diam.; internodes short; cataphylls 7-15 cm long, subcoriaceous, drying pale reddish-brown, weathering into fibers.

LEAVES erect-spreading; petioles terete, 30-118 cm long, 4-12 mm diam.; geniculum 2-3 cm long; blades usually ovate-oblong, sometimes narrowly ovate, moderately charlaceous, abruptly acuminate at apex, truncate to subcordate to rarely prominently lobed at base, 25-62 cm long, 11-40 cm wide; the sinus (when blade is lobed) hippocrep-iform to spathulate; midrib convexly raised above and below; primary lateral veins 11-15 per side, sunken above, raised below, often reddish beneath; lesser veins sunken above, raised below; collective vein arising from one of the lowermost basal veins, sunken above, raised below, 1 -2 mm from margin.

INFLORESCENCE erect-spreading, shorter than or equal to the leaves: peduncle 28-46 cm long, terete; spathe membranaceous, oblong-lanceolate, pale green, sometimes tinged purple, 7.5-18 cm long, 1.8-2.5 cm wide, gradually acuminate at apex, round at base; spadix green to usually dark violet-purple, 6.5-18 cm long, ca. 5.5 mm diam. at base, 4.5 mm diam. at apex; flowers rhombic, 3.5-3.8 mm long, 2.8-3 mm wide, the sides straight to weakly sigmoid; 4-5 flowers visible in the principal spiral, 5-6 flowers visible in the alternate spiral; tepals glossy; pistils weakly emergent, violet-purple; stigma linear, ca. 0.5 mm long; stamens emerging in scattered manner from base, the basal one quarter of spadix with 4 stamens before those in the apical one half emerge, held in tight contiguous cluster obscuring pistil; anthers violet-purple;thecae oblong, scarcely divaricate; pollen pale purple fading to white.

INFRUCTESCENCE. pendent; spadix to 27 cm long; berries purple-violet to reddish-violet, ovoid-ellipsoid, 6-8 mm long, ca. 5.3 mm wide. Figs. 64 and 65.

The species is found from Nicaragua to Ecuador at elevations from 400 to 1,700 m or rarely lower in very wet areas, in premontane wet, tropical wet, premontane rain, and lower montane rain forest life zones. It is one of the more common species of Anthurium. Anthurium cuspidatum is distinguished by its thin, usually oblong-ovate blades with many veins (these often drying reddish-brown or with purplish splotches on the blade) and by its long, slender, weakly tapered, violet-purple spadix and early exserted, oblong berries that are exserted a long time before they ultimately ripen red. An unusual feature not previously seen on any other Anthurium is exhibited by Croat 25605. In that specimen the uppermost roots were subtended by and enveloped in cataphylls. Anthurium cuspidatum was placed in section Polyneurium by Engler but has since been shown to be an atypical member of section Pachyneurium because of its involute vernation. It is su-perficially close to A. wiltiamsii of Costa Rica, Panama, and northwestern South America, with which it shares a nearly identical inflorescence and similar thin, veiny leaves. Anthurium williamsii, in section Polyneurium, differs in having supervolute vernation and a more ovate blade with more basal veins that are free or nearly free to the base. Anthurium cuspidatum is quite variable in leaf shape with blades sometimes ovate, similar to A. williamsii, but when this is the case, A. cuspidatum can be distinquished by having a definite posterior rib (coalesced basal veins). Anthurium cuspidatum has a number of sibling species in the coastal and sub-Andean portions of Colombia and Ecuador. Many of these species may prove to be synonymous but others have radically different inflorescences while sharing similar leaf blades with numerous primary lateral veins. Included in the complex are A. mon-ticolum Engl., A. longicaudatum Engl., A. oreo-philum Sodiro, and others.

Map of Mesoamerican specimens with coordinates

Costa Rica Alajuela: Río Naranjo,, , Utley & Utley 5343 (DUKE).
Costa Rica Alajuela:, , Smith 1658 (MO)
. Costa Rica Alajuela: ca. 400 m,, 24 June 1976, Thomas B. Croat 36312 (MO).
Costa Rica Alajuela:, , Baker et al. 224 (F, MO).
Costa Rica Alajuela: Finca Los Ensayos,, , Thomas B. Croat 43590 (MO).
Costa Rica Alajuela:, , Luteyn 3353 (MO).
Costa Rica Alajuela:, , Thomas B. Croat 46958 (MO).
Costa Rica Alajuela: Monteverde Biological Reserve, 800 m, 10.19N 84.43W, 14 Dec 1987, Haber & Bello 7903 (CR).
Costa Rica Alajuela: 900 m, 10.18N 84.46W, 19 March 1989, William Haber 9154 (MO).
Costa Rica Alajuela: Río Zapote, 400 m,, 24 June 1976, Thomas B. Croat 36258 (MO).
Costa Rica Alajuela: R.B. Monteverde; Cordillera de Tilarán, 800 m, 10.18.58N 84.42.42W, 5 March 1992, Erick Bello, E. Cruz & M. Brenes 4538 (CR).
Costa Rica Alajuela: 1025-1100 m, 10.10.40N 84.34.10W, 3 September 1996, Thomas B. Croat 78877 (INB, MO).
Costa Rica Cartago: Río Grande de Orosi,, , Al Gentry 976 (MO).
Costa Rica Cartago:, , Thomas B. Croat 36830 (MO).
Costa Rica Cartago:, , Thomas B. Croat 36673 (MO).
Costa Rica Cartago:, , Utley & Utley 2724 (MO).
Costa Rica Cartago: Valle del Reventazón, 1200 m, 09.49.50N 83.26.40W, 16 September 1992, Priscila Campos & M.M. Chavarría 23 (CR).
Costa Rica Cartago: Valle del Reventazón, 1200 m, 09.49.50N 83.26.40W, 16 September 1992, Priscila Campos & M.M. Chavarría 25 (CR).
Costa Rica Cartago: Valle del Reventazón, 1110 m, 08.49.10N 84.27.30W, 29 June 1993, Priscila Campos 108 (CR).
Costa Rica Cartago: 1300 m, 09.45.50N 083.47.15W, 1 Feb. 1995, Mora, G. 474 (INB, MO).
Costa Rica Costa Rica:, , Brade 2520 (BR).
Costa Rica Guanacaste: 600 m, 10.49.52N 85.15.48W, 12 February 1991, Gerardo Rivera Conrad Dennis 1053 (MO).
Costa Rica Guanacaste: Z.P. Tenorio; Cordillera de Tilarán, 1050 m, 10.36.40N 84.59.45W, 29 April 1993, Gladys Rodriguez 169 (CR).
Costa Rica Guanacaste: Parque Nacional Guanacaste, 550 m, 11.02N 85.24W, 16 June 1989, INBio 38 (CR).
Costa Rica Heredia: P.N. Braulio Carrillo, 1150 m,, 23 Jan 1983, Garwood et al. 416 (BM).
Costa Rica Heredia: Río Sucio,, , Thomas B. Croat 35694 (MO).
Costa Rica Heredia: Río Sucio,, , Thomas B. Croat 35763 (MO).
Costa Rica Heredia:, , Thomas B. Croat 44511 (MO).
Costa Rica Heredia:, , Thomas B. Croat 35776 (MO).
Costa Rica Heredia:, , Lent 2856 (MO).
Costa Rica Heredia:, , Thomas B. Croat 35607 (MO).
Costa Rica Heredia: Finca La Selva, 100 m,, , Jacobs 3206 (DUKE).
Costa Rica Heredia: Finca La Selva, 100 m,, , Wilbur 38002 (DUKE).
Costa Rica Lim—n:, , Burger et al. 10522 (F,MO).
Costa Rica Lim—n:, , Davidson 6746 (MO)
. Costa Rica Lim—n:, , Davidson 6991 (MO).
Costa Rica Lim—n:, , Baker 185 (F, MO).
Costa Rica Lim—n:, , Utley & Utley 5445 (DUKE).
Costa Rica Lim—n:, , Pittier & Tonduz 9233 (BR, US).
Costa Rica Lim—n:, , Thomas B. Croat 43307 (MO).
Costa Rica Lim—n: Río Sta. Clara,, , Holm & Iltis 417 (AA (AAU?)).
Costa Rica Puntarenas: Bosque Eterno De Los Niños; Cordillera de Tilarán, 800 m, 10.21N 84.40W, 12 July 1991, William Haber, Willow Zuchowski & Erick Bello 10826 (CR).
Costa Rica Puntarenas: Fila Costeña, 950-1150 m, 08.49.18N 83.11.15W, 10 December 1993, Michael Grayum 10653 (CR, MO).
Costa Rica San José:, , Lent 3785 (MO).
Costa Rica San José:, , Burger & Baker 10094 (F, MO).
Costa Rica San José:, , Burger & Visconti 10677 (F, MO).
Costa Rica San José:, , Utley & Utley 4997 (DUKE, MO).
Costa Rica San José:, , Thomas B. Croat 35321 (MO).
Costa Rica San José: 600-700 m, 10.09.50N 83.57.10W, 30 August 1996, Thomas B. Croat 78759 (MO).
Costa Rica San José: 1100-1200 m, 09.33.30N 84.03.15W, 5 September 1996, Thomas B. Croat 78900 (MO).
Costa Rica San José: ca. 580 m, 09.41.30N 84.14W, 28 January 1997, M. H. Grayum, B. Hammel & F. Morales 11180 (INB, MO).
Nicaragua Matagalpa:, , Neill 1815 (MO).
Nicaragua Río San Juan:, , Neill 3426 (MO).
Nicaragua Río San Juan: 10.54N 083.40W, 31 Julio 1996, Ricardo Rueda, Indiana Coronado y Norlan Tercero 4751 (MO).
Nicaragua Río San Juan: 250 m, 11.01N 084.12W, 9 Enero 1997, Ricardo Rueda, Indiana Coronado, Oscar Aráuz & Franklin Flores 5619 (MO).
Nicaragua Río San Juan: 11.09N 084.11W, 19 Febrero 1997, Ricardo Rueda, Indiana Coronado, Oscar Aráuz & Franklin Flores 6076 (MO).
Panama : 1500 m, 8.35N 81.50W, 8 July 1988, Thomas B. Croat 69208 (MO).
Panama Bocas del Toro: 120 m, 08.57N 08.56W, 29 March 1993, Thomas B. Croat 74937 (MO).
Panama Bocas del Toro: Changuinola River,, , Lewis et al. 987 (GH, MO).
Panama Bocas del Toro:, , Kirkbride & Duke 439 (MO).
Panama Bocas del Toro: Río Guarumo,, , Lewis et al. 2023 (GH, UC, US).
Panama Chiriquí: 1200 m, 08.44N 81.17W, 29 March 1993, Thomas B. Croat 74968 (MO).
Panama Chiriquí:, , António 4071 (MO). Panama Chiriquí:, , António 5080 (MO). Panama Chiriquí:, , Thomas B. Croat 48683 (MO).
Panama Chiriquí:, , Thomas B. Croat 50096 (MO). Panama Chiriquí:, , Folsom et al. 5506 (MO).
Panama Chiriquí:, , Hammel 2153 (MO). Panama Chiriquí:, , Stevens 18373 (MO).
Panama Chiriquí: 08.45N 82.18W, 23 June 1994, Thomas B. Croat & Guanghua Zhu 76299 (MO).
Panama Chiriquí: 08.45N 82.18W, 24 July 1994, Thomas B. Croat & Guanghua Zhu 76377 (CM, MO).
Panama Chiriquí: 1080 m, 08.45N 82.18W, 27 June 1994, Thomas B. Croat & Guanghua Zhu 76500 (MO).
Panama Chiriquí:, 7 December 1997, D.W. Roubik & L. Quroz 1279 .
Panama CoclŽ: 775 m, 08.36N 80.07W, 25 March 1993, Thomas B. Croat 74780 (MO).
Panama CoclŽ: 680-770 m, 08.39N 80.36W, 25 March 1993, Thomas B. Croat 74851 (MO).
Panama CoclŽ: 800 m, 08.39N 80.36W, 31 March 1993, Thomas B. Croat 75076 (MO).
Panama CoclŽ: El Copé Region,, , Folsom & Robinson 2420 (MO).
Panama CoclŽ: El Copé Region,, , Folsom & Robinson 2427 (MO).
Panama CoclŽ: El Copé Region,, , Folsom 5821 (MO). Panama CoclŽ:, , Knapp 1071 (MO). Panama CoclŽ:, , Knapp 1095 (MO).
Panama CoclŽ:, , Sytsma 4061 (MO). Panama CoclŽ:, , Thomas B. Croat 37343 (MO).
Panama CoclŽ:, , Dwyer 4531 (MO).
Panama CoclŽ:, , Mori 6582 (MO). Panama CoclŽ:, , Porter et al. 4655 (MO).
Panama CoclŽ:, , Sullivan 488 (MO). Panama CoclŽ:, , Hammel 1790 (MO).
Panama CoclŽ:, , Hammel 1976 (MO). Panama CoclŽ:, , António 1180 (MO).
Panama CoclŽ:, , Thomas B. Croat 44559 (MO). Panama CoclŽ:, , Thomas B. Croat 44594 (MO).
Panama CoclŽ:, , Thomas B. Croat 44722 (MO). Panama CoclŽ:, , Folsom 1244 (MO).
Panama CoclŽ:, , Folsom 1294 (MO). Panama CoclŽ:, , Folsom 3221 (MO).
Panama CoclŽ:, , Folsom & Lantz 1878 (MO). Panama CoclŽ:, , Folsom & Lantz 1878A (MO).
Panama CoclŽ:, , Hammel 774 (MO). Panama CoclŽ:, , Hammel 2359 (MO).
Panama CoclŽ:, , Hammel 2407 (MO). Panama CoclŽ:, , Hammel 3319 (MO).
Panama CoclŽ:, , Hammel 3468 (MO). Panama CoclŽ:, , Hammel 3469 (MO).
Panama CoclŽ:, , Hammel 3526 (MO). Panama CoclŽ:, , Sytsma 2591 (MO).
Panama CoclŽ:, , Sytsma & Andersson 4612 (K, MO). Panama CoclŽ:, , Lewis et al. 1721 (MO).
Panama CoclŽ:, , Spellman et al. 610 (MO). Panama CoclŽ:, , Hammel 1677 (MO).
Panama CoclŽ:, , Hammel 3398 (MO).
Panama CoclŽ:, , Hammel 3415 (MO).
Panama CoclŽ: El Copé area, 680-770 m, 8.39N 80.36W, 25 Mar. 1993, Thomas B. Croat 74823 (MO, SAR).
Panama Col—n:, , Hammel 3114 (MO).
Panama Col—n:, , Hammel 3158 (MO).
Panama Col—n:, , Hammel 3161 (MO).
Panama Col—n: Río Escandaloso,, , Hammel 2675 (MO).
Panama Col—n:, , António 3368 (MO).
Panama Col—n:, , Thomas B. Croat 33644 (MO, PMA).
Panama Darien: Cerro Pirre Region,, , Folsom et al. 6288 (MO).
Panama Darien: Cerro Pirre Region,, , Thomas B. Croat 37874 (MO).
Panama Darien:, , Thomas B. Croat 27165 (MO).
Panama Panamá: Cerro Jefe Region,, , Sheffer 323 (MO).
Panama Panamá: Cerro Jefe Region,, , Sheffer 266 (MO).
Panama San Blas:, , Sytsma & Andersson 4460l (MO).
Panama San Blas: Cordillera de San Blas, 200-560 m, 8.54N 77.46W, 12 Mar. 1993, Herrera, H. & Gonzalez 1329 (MO, PMA).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, , Croat & Folsom 26901 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, , Croat & Folsom 34145 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, , Croat & Folsom 34148 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, , Croat & Folsom 33962 (MO, PMA).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, , António 3481 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, , António 3522 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, , António 3962 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, , Thomas B. Croat 25580 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, , Thomas B. Croat 27324 (MO).
Panama Veraguas:, , Mori & Kallunki 3260 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, , Thomas B. Croat 23182 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, , Thomas B. Croat 23220 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, , Thomas B. Croat 25602 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, , Thomas B. Croat 25605 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, , Thomas B. Croat 25623 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, , Folsom 2956 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, , Folsom 2978 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, , Al Gentry 2977 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, , Hammel 4717 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, , Liesner 895 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, , Liesner 953 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, , Mori & Kallunki 6134 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, , Mori & Kallunki 6142 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, , Mori & Kallunki 6150 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, , Mori & Kallunki 6183 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, , Mori et al. 6697 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, , Mori 6708 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, , Mori & Bolten 7669 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, , Sytsma & Andersson 4778 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, , Sytsma & Andersson 4781 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, , Sytsma & Andersson 4784 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, 5 Apr 1976, Thomas B. Croat 34232 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region, 750-1000 m,, 18 May 1975, Mori 6241 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, 19 May 1975, Mori 6287 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, 19 May 1975, Mori 6291 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region, 750-1000 m,, 2 Aug 1975, Mori et al. 7536 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region, 750-1000 m,, 2 Aug 1975, Mori et al. 7551 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region,, 2 Aug 1975, Mori et al. 7554 (MO)
. Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region, 2800-3000 ft,, 4 Jan 1981, Sytsma & António 3030 (MO). Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region, 900-1200 m,, 14 May 1981, Sytsma & Andersson 4626 (DUKE, MO). Panama Veraguas: Santa Fe Region, 900-1200 m,, 14 May 1981, Sytsma & Andersson 4673 (MO).
Panama Veraguas: 570 m, 08.33N 81.08W, 13 July 1994, Thomas B. Croat & Guanghua Zhu 76855 (MO). Panama Veraguas: 800-1030 m,, 15 July 1994, Thomas B. Croat & Guanghua Zhu 76875 (CAS, CM, L, MEXU, MO, P).

Map of South American Specimens with coordinates

Colombia Cauca: 1280 m, 02.31.18N 077.01.56W, 19 July 1997, Thomas B. Croat & John F. Gaskin 80114 .
Colombia Valle del Cauca: 1400 m, 03.31.00N 076.44.00W, 10 July 1997, Thomas B. Croat & John F. Gaskin 79674 .